The United States An Age Of Imperialism - 1875 Words

By late the nineteenth century the world was in an Age of Imperialism. The foremost European powers were all competing and swiftly increasing their territorial claims. Americans have always felt the desire to grow and expand the United States, they ultimately proved that with Manifest Destiny, when they settled from the east to the west coast. The idea of expansion overseas was something not new to the United States. The war against Mexico had allowed the United States to be carried into the Pacific and the issuing of the Monroe Doctrine allowed the United States to expand their sphere influence well beyond the Caribbean and into Latin America. American Historian Howard Zinn (1980) says that the Monroe Doctrine was, â€Å"Issued in 1823 when the countries of Latin America were winning independence from Spanish control, it made it plain to European nations that the United States considered Lation America its sphere of influence† (p. 297). Also, the very idea of imperialism is d eep rooted and is expressed through that very ideal of Manifest Destiny. Bowles (2013) states that, â€Å"Many believed it was God s plan for the United States to control the continent from sea to shining sea† (p. 8). With the outbreak of the Civil War, the idea of expansion and Manifest Destiny would be nonexistent, but this very idea of expansion outside the continent would return into the hearts of many American politicans and leaders at the end of the nineteenth century. By the late nineteenth century a newShow MoreRelatedThe Imperalistic Monster644 Words   |  3 PagesThe roots of imperialism have emerged from the ground since the beginning of time. Imperialism is the expansion of a countrys power and influence through diplomacy and military force. Imperialist nations of the recent past used brute force to conquer and enforce their control over other parts of the world. For example, when one looks at Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. One can see that the brutal force of Napoleon Bonaparte’s military extended French dominance over much of Western EuropeRead MoreAvatar and Imperialism686 Words   |  3 PagesThe movie Avatar shares many themes with the Age of Imperialism. In the movie, the human protagonist takes the form of a local alien Navi in a conflict between humans and the Navi. The conflict arises because the humans in the film have arrived at the home of the Navi, Pandora, and begun to exploit its resources. At first, th ey ignored the Navi, but their quest for resources is now taking them into direct conflict with the native peoples of Pandora. The Navi are the only humanoid residentsRead MoreU.s Expansionism : Manifest Destiny1363 Words   |  6 Pagescontinents. As the United States grew in authority, so did its concept of expansionism. This very concept brought about the war with Mexico which led to the United States receiving what is now known as the southwest. At the outset, the market revolution, advancements in transportation, and increasing nationalism drove Americans to seek opportunities to spread the virtues of the United States across the continent and beyond. The belief in manifest destiny caused the United States to expand from â€Å"seaRead MoreThe World War II And The Cold War1199 Words   |  5 Pagesnew age of imperialism that would follow the end of World War II. The imperialism they discussed was one of political and commercial influence as a way to control territories, instead of the colonial method. The colonial empires remained devastated following the events of World War II and, the dawn of Stalin and Churchill’s new imperialism would spark the Cold War between the economically powerful United States and the politically frightening Soviet Union. This post World War II Imperialism dividedRead MoreAppendix a American Imperialism1314 Words   |  6 PagesAssociate Program Material Appendix A American Imperialism Part 1 Complete the chart by identifying the following: Identify the countries or areas where the United States engaged in imperialistic actions during the period from about 1870 to 1914. Discuss why each area was important to American empire building—political, economic, and social. Explain America’s expansionist ideals. What were some factors that justified American imperialist actions? Identify the currentRead MoreThe World War II And The Middle East1332 Words   |  6 Pages20th centuries, imperialism served a mode of global exploration and expansion of economic, political and religious influence. Glory was at stake; the opportunity to expound upon their influence on the balance of power galvanized most of Europe to explore and colonize Central Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. In the period of European imperialism, imperialism served as conveyer of status and power in world affairs; the more imperialist territory, a more powerful nation state. Arbitrary boundariesRead MoreHaiti: The Corruptions of Imperialism Reigns Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesImperialism has carved entire continents, destroyed ancient cultures, uprooted millions of people from their ancestral homes, and created an oppressive systems that traps third world countries. In the book â€Å"Promises Not Kept†, the author, John Isbister states: â€Å"Imperialism shaped todayâ⠂¬â„¢s third world.† This statement explains how the third world itself is nothing more than the aftermath of imperialism. The best method to demonstrate how imperialism plays out begins with colonization. EuropeanRead MoreAmerican Imperialism797 Words   |  4 PagesAssociate Program Material Appendix A American Imperialism Part 1 Complete the chart by identifying the following: Identify the countries or areas where the United States engaged in countries or areas where the United States engaged in imperialistic actions during the period from about 1870 to 1914. Discuss why each area was important to American empire building—political, economic, and social. Explain America’s expansionist ideals. What were some factors that justified AmericanRead MoreAmerican Imperialism Research Study Essay1423 Words   |  6 PagesAssociate Program Material Appendix A American Imperialism Part 1 Complete the chart by identifying the following: †¢ Identify the countries or areas where the United States engaged in imperialistic actions during the period from about 1870 to 1914. †¢ Discuss why each area was important to American empire building—political, economic, and social. †¢ Explain America’s expansionist ideals. What were some factors that justified American imperialist actions? †¢ Identify the current politicalRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On Journalism On A Global Scale1677 Words   |  7 Pagesera in history is generally characterised as one of globalisation, technological revolution and democratisation. In all three of these areas media and communication play a central, perhaps even defining role. (McChesney, 2001) Neoliberalism and imperialism falls under the same category when understanding the contemporary media industries, they define how our news is interpreted and presented to the general public or audience. Neoliberalism is a running thread throughout much of the volume, across

Alcohol Use and Crime Essay - 1747 Words

This assignment will define alcohol and crime and discover whether there is a strong link between the use of alcohol and crime. Findings and statistics will also be used to present the Information. Laws and legislations put in place about the consumption of alcohol will also be presented including the pros and cons of alcohol along with a conclusion of my thoughts and beliefs in relation to the link between alcohol and crime. Alcohol reduces our ability to think straight, says Professor McMurran, a psychologist at the University of Nottingham.It narrows our focus of attention and gives us tunnel vision.If someone provokes us while were drunk, we dont take other factors into account, such as the consequences of rising to the bait.†¦show more content†¦A crime is conduct (or an act of omission) which, when it results in certain consequences, may lead to prosecution and punishment in the criminal court. Newburn (2012:8). Crime is usually defined as breaking the law. The governm ent and authorities usually set out laws for its general public to follow and those who break the law will be faced with the consequences of being punished. The behavior codes introduced by the state are examples of codes that influence society. The criminal justice system forces the law and those that break it will be faced with its consequences. Crime is often set aside for the offences that cause harm or injury to the community, individuals or state, The institute of alcohol studies stated that according to the 2011/12 CSEW, there were 917,000 violent incidents where the victim believed the offender(s) to be under the influence of alcohol, accounting for 47% of violent offences committed that year, this represents a rise of 3 percentage points on the previous year [2010/11]. There is a strong link between alcohol and crime since alcohol is a depressant it leaves the drinker less able to concentrate, less able to judge situations, and less able to control emotions. According to Newburn .T, (2013) drinking and offending share common risk factors such as, parental substance use, behavioural problems in middle childhood, involvement with misguided social groups and, a familyShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Substance Abuse and Crime Essay1268 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Drugs and Alcohol abuse†, are phrases we hear commonly on the radio, television or in discussions of social problems. People believe it is the user’s personal choice however; it is not only a personal problem that dramatically affects individuals’ life but is a major social problem that affects society as whole. It has become one of the biggest problems in United States today. Alcohol or Drug abuse nearly automatically is linked with criminal acts. The statisti cal association between alcohol or drugRead MoreTaking a Look at Prohibition937 Words   |  4 Pagesmaking and transportation of alcohol was banned. In 1919 the Volstead Act made all drinks containing more than 0.5 percent alcohol illegal once the 18th amendment went into use in 1920. Prohibition in America between 1920 and 1933 was made a law to reduce crime and corruption, solve social issues, and improve the health of Americans. The effects of prohibition on Americans depended on the reduced amount of alcohol being drunk. For a while consumption levels of alcohol decreased but then soon increasedRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol On Alcohol Consumption1373 Words   |  6 Pagesnot alcohol should be prohibited. In most countries, at a certain age, adults are allowed to purchase alcohol without being limited to certain choices. However, with the rise of alcoholic products, there are concerns for public health and safety. Many people argue that restrictions should be placed on alcohol consumption. To begin with, there are several factors that involve in alcohol consumption. Studies have shown that there is a direct correlation between alcohol consumption and crime. As alcoholRead MoreCausal Essay904 Words   |  4 PagesProhibition of drugs and alcohol causes crime. Ostrowski a political analyst from the Cato institute, states that drug laws greatly increase the price of illegal drugs, often forcing users to steal to get the money to obtain them. Although difficult to estimate the black market prices of heroin and cocaine, these drugs appear to be many times greater than their pharmaceutical prices. For example, a hospital-dispensed dose of morphine (a drug from which heroin is relatively easily derived) costsRead More absolut Failure Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pagesimplemented to eliminate the use of alcohol in the United States. In doing this, the advocates of prohibition hoped to also eradicate the social problems associated with alcohol. â€Å"It was an attempt to promote Protestant middle-class culture as a means of imposing order on a disorderly world†(Dumenil 226). However, this goal of keeping social order through not consuming alcohol, was not reached during the years of prohibition, or even the years following it. Alcohol use am ong Americans did declineRead MoreAl Capone : The Ruthless Gangster1222 Words   |  5 Pagesthe distribution and consumption of alcohol, the Prohibition Act. Most of Capone’s profits came from his disobedience to the act which was successful due to the few tactics he utilized. Throughout the 1920s, Capone was known for being a successful criminal and almost made Prohibition nonexistent. Capone is credited for most of the illegal distribution of alcohol by using violence to threaten opposing gangs. Al Capone was the most successful distributor of alcohol due to bribing law enforcements andRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcoholism On Underage Drinkers998 Words   |  4 PagesAlcoholism continues to ruin the lives of underage drinkers; alcoholics in general are walking billboards to major companies that advertise their products, especially underage drinkers that in the process they mess up their lives, and make alcohol companies wealthier. Crimes, violence, and homicides are a resul t of alcoholism side effects taking over the lives of those who fall under the spell. Giving underage drinkers a false sense of security, self confidence, and maturity. At one point or another hittingRead MoreLiterature Review1664 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Alcohol Related Problems Introduction Alcohol related problems is one of today’s contemporary issues, as there are studies that suggest that due to alcohol related problems there are various impacts that it can have to an individual, and it can include social harms and any antisocial behaviour, such as alcohol fuelled violence. This literature review will explore the academic readings, that help assist identity key issues relating to a criminology perspective of alcohol related problems. ErgoRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald818 Words   |  4 Pagesthat Banned Alcohol for Thirteen Years On January 17, 1920, the 18th Amendment was enforced throughout the United States: Prohibition. The18th Amendment banned the selling, manufacturing, and production of alcohol. Just a short thirteen years later the 21st Amendment was passed, repealing the18th Amendment. Banning alcohol intended to lower crime rates and eliminate other social problems in the early 21st century. However, the banning of alcohol did not end social problems and crimes; it sparkedRead MoreRelationship Between Drug And Crime1050 Words   |  5 PagesIs There a Relationship between drug and crime? Is there a relationship between drug and crime? My topic is deliberately based on whether or not there is a relationship between drug crime. My reasoning and facts should persuade you to believe that crime drug are related. My essay will have quotes, facts, and reasoning, which will all revolve on my essential question. Drug related offenses and a drug-using lifestyle are major contributors to the U.S crime problem. Provisional data from 1991 show

Beowulf vs. Spiderman Free Essays

Back in the seventeenth century, they had epic heroes like Beowulf, who killed Grendel with his bare hands. Now, they have heroes such as Spiderman who can shoot web from his wrist and crawl up walls. Beowulf and Spiderman have characteristics that distinguish them as heroes, some of which are found in both of them while one has characteristics the other doesn’t. We will write a custom essay sample on Beowulf vs. Spiderman or any similar topic only for you Order Now During the Anglo Saxon days, the original hero was Beowulf, the supreme warrior. He had marvelous strength, not like the average being. His true bravery and his powerful will to fight to death is what people genuinely knew him for. However, in today’s society, the modern superheroes are taken as being a regular limited hero. Spiderman for instance, was not born with super powers but was bitten by a spider that gave him the power. Unlike Beowulf, who would kill his enemy, Spiderman has limitations and would not dare kill his enemy because he believes death is never the answer. They’re alike because they both put other people’s needs in front of their own; they would risk their lives for someone else’s. They’re also alike because during the times of Spiderman and Beowulf, there are always critics that only criticize the hero; to make them seem like something they’re not. For example, Peter Parker (Spiderman) is always taking pictures for the Daily Bugle to let people know that Spiderman is a â€Å"good guy†, but his imperial figure only wants to make him seem like he is committing a crime. With Beowulf, because he is so vital and was born with this power, average people that do not know him do not think highly of him, want to bring him down. Resolution: Today’s modern superheroes are given super powers like super strength, reflexes and agility, and to possibly have spider webs come from your wrist and have the ability to crawl up walls! But just like any other epic hero, all of them have some challenging obstacles that has altered their life in one way or another that makes them become strong and prepared to be the icon that most people look up too, while others waiting to watch you fall and fail with the city you protect. These superheroes are all somewhat similar because they fight for their people rather than for themselves and they fight only for justice! How to cite Beowulf vs. Spiderman, Papers

Religions Spread Through Conquest (2403 words) Essay Example For Students

Religions Spread Through Conquest (2403 words) Essay Religions Spread Through ConquestWhen studying history, both in a professional and academic sense, we try to make connections between civilizations and time periods. Historians have attempted to discover universal conezts of human nature, a bond that forms from continent to continent, human being to human being. Is there a conezt quality that all peoples posses, and is reflected in all civilizations? Indeed, it is extremely difficult to make generalizations about centuries of modern history. To say that something is true of all of history is virtually impossible, as a counter-example exists for just about anything that can be said of any group of civilizations. To say that all religions are spread by violence is equally unfair and untrue because contrasted religions has been spread in exceedingly diverse regions of the world, by vastly different cultures. Islam, as a prime example, has been characterized inequitably by historians and the media as a religion of violence. To put it bl untly, as this article does, Islam was mainly spread through Arab territorial conquests (Sudo, 4). However, upon examination, it is not fair to make the generalization that Islam is a religion of violence, and one notices when looking at world religion on a whole, one finds that Islam was no more violent than any other religion. In fact, not only is Islam not a fundamentally violent philosophy, but we can also see that many other religions normally considered non-violent, such as Christianity or Hinduism, have been spread through bloody conquest. Thus, in searching for a universal conezt of history, we ought not fall into the fallacy of abstractions, as Sydney J. Harris keenly puts it, and assume that because of isolated incidents and conflicts of territorial ambitions, that all religions have violent tendencies. Islam has, throughout the centuries, been somewhat a victim of circumezce indeed it has been perceived by many as oppressive and cruel. This belief originated over a thousand years ago, when Islamic peoples first threatened the western world. As they slowly undermined Byzantine authority, Christians became terrified of their presence, resulting in widespread animosity and aversion. Hindus and Buddhists of the South Asian subcontinent lived under Islamic law for hundreds of years (Ahmad, et. al., 186), and eventually, in the twentieth century, split the region into angry factions (Ahmad, et. al., 207). Mohammed, the prophet of Islam, was a great warrior. This invariably lead defeated peoples to believe that he begot a cult of war and violence. Over the centuries, it also has developed the ability to instill a sense of holy purpose onto its believers and soldiers, where they go into a battle of certain death for their faith in the jihad, or holy war. Even today, the jihad is still a p otent source of conflict and aversion, as the many of the problems in the Middle East center around the issue of Islamic Fundamentalism and the jihads. Originally, Islam was perceived by western historians as a religion of violence and conquest; by preying on the caravans of the Quraish, weakened them to the point of submission (Mohammed and Islam, 1). In fact, Mohammed was a warrior, aristocrat, and brilliant strategist a stark contrast to many other holy men of history. He was forced to both defend his cities and force submission, as the passage had shown, because of the strong military powers of his religious predecessors and oppressors, the pagans of the Middle East. Islam means submission according to the Islam discussion in class and one might assume that the submission was attained through military and forceful means. In fact, while Mohammed preached peace from 610 to 622 AD, he attracted few converts and was persecuted by the current ruling paganistic regime. After the vi sions of 622 AD, he realized that his cause was even more urgent than before, and only at that point did he begin to utilize his military skills (Class Discussion). However, despite the more violent nature that his quest took, even after the revelations by Gabriel in 622 AD, by reciting his revelations aloud, Mohammed made many converts, (Mohammed and Islam,1). Mohammed was not a purely violent man, but also a great speaker and demagogue (Mueller, 2). He did not solely attack the pagans of the Middle East, he also attracted a great deal of converts by the truths he spoke. If he could be ruthless, he was more often gentle, kind, generous, magnanimous. He could be Christ-like in his sympathy for the poor (Mueller,2 ). Another non-violent way of spreading Islamic culture was through the merchant system which developed around its new centers of trade and culture in both Mecca and Medina (Ahmad, et. al., 572). People from all around the region would come to those cities to trade, and wer e attracted by the religion. As Islam developed and spread rapidly, its control quickly began to encroach on Byzantine territory where it found diverse groups of people, who resented the foreign control of the flailing western power. The people viewed the Middle Eastern Islamic conquerors as liberators from the oppressive Byzantine Empire, and welcomed both Islamic soldiers and religion. In addition to other non-violent means of conquest, when Muslims actually did militarily gain territory, they allowed other religions to grow around them. They did not force conversion by slaughter in the name of Allah, as Christians often did. The Muslims were tolerant of both foreign religions, peoples, and traders. They welcomed Far Eastern merchants into their territory. In India, while they did militarily gain control of the South Asian subcontinent, they never forced conversion, nor did they enter the territory with a religious intent. Indeed, the reason that the Hindu and Muslim clashes arose was based on religious differences, which were largely initiated by the Hindus, who viewed their conquerors as heretics not the opposite (Ahmad, et. al., 186). In fact, that page of the text also notes that the first Delhi sultans set up hundreds of schools, hospitals, and other public establishments. The Koran was very tolerant, accepted many beliefs, and was another basis for the peaceful spread of Islam. The Koran, according to The Koran article and class discussions, appealed to the impoverished and the destitute people from all walks of life could embrace the Koran, because it was targeted at them, not at the government-ranking aristocrats that most other religions were centered around, as those religions had been created for the purpose of social control, rather than deep spiritual convictions or for spiritual well-being. The Muslim needs no priest nor intermediary to pray to Allah the only spiritual transmitter to god he needs is prayer Islam does not even require a mosq ue or temple for litany. The actual religion of Islam preaches decidedly against violence and speaks out against aggression. The concept of jihad refers to? inner spiritual struggle of Muslims for self control in order to do good (Sudo, 5). Actually, the average Muslim is not violent, nor is he driven by any form of holy conquest. Islam has been unfairly depicted as a religion spread through Jihad and the lure of riches and conquest. But Islam, the most unlikely of candidates, has been, throughout the centuries, a relatively tolerant religion. It has never believed in any form of religious genocide, nor had any inquisitions or messianic crusades, as religions of many other parts of the world did. In fact Akbar I of 1556-1605 AD, the third ruler of the Mughal Empire, took the ultimate steps toward tolerance, by marring a Hindu princess, and allowing Hindus a strong role in the government (Ahmad, et. al., 187). The wars that Islam fought have been rather secular, despite the fact that their government often was not. However, the same cannot be said of Christian, Hindu, and Aztec government, all which had strong ties to both violence and conquest, and indeed, while often are characterized as non-violent forms of religion (with perhaps the exception of Aztec), are equally as violent as Islam, if not more so. The Breaksfast Club EssayTo say that religion on a whole is violent and counter productive would be a massive abstraction and a false one too. In fact, the purpose of this essay is not to denigrate the notion of organized religion, but to clarify the purpose of the Islamic religion, and to dispel the commonly held notion that Islam is solely a cult of violence. Through the ages, religion brought light to literally billions of people. It has inspired artists, scientists, writers and scholars. It was the founding basis of Western Civilization, and our entire society. We cannot deny its overriding role in our history. The purpose of this essay is also not to contrast Islam as good and Christianity as bad. Truly, Islam, when closely examined, is a rather tolerant and non-violent religion it has no history of imperialism, nor has it ever forced the conversion of mass people. Whatever violence it has created, it is at least not any worse than any other religion. In summary, it is not f air to say that religions are fundamentally violent, nor does it do justice the study of history, which indeed proves to us that often religion had a far nobler purpose. Would our world perhaps have been a better place? That question can never be answered We do know, however, that religion was both violent and beneficial to classify it as one or the other would not do it justice. However, we will continue our search for the universal conezt, and perhaps the study of religion will someday bring us closer to the truth.

News Coverage Of Political Campaigns And Its Negative Affects Essays

News Coverage Of Political Campaigns And It's Negative Affects News Coverage of Political Campaigns And it's Negative Affects Have you ever turned on the TV to watch the news during election year? News programs constantly bombard the public with campaign coverage that negatively affects the way people vote. The most noticeable effect the TV news media causes is a decrease in voter attendance at the ballot boxes. News coverage of political campaigns reduces voter turnout because of the negative campaign tactics used by candidates and their parties; exit polls that predict the outcome of an election; and the public's perception that the media can be bought to influence people to vote for a certain issue or candidate. Voter turnout has significantly dropped from 75 %-85% in during the 19th century to fewer than 55% in modern day elections as written by Pierce Lewis of American Demographics (Page 20). The result of low voter turnout reveals a broad dissatisfaction and unconcerning attitude towards politics from America's citizens. The main cause for this public attitude in current voting is the news media. What better place is there to display all the events of pre-election activities? The first and most effective discouragement to voting is exit polls that predict the outcome of an election or in modern terms electronic forecasting. Exit polling on or before Election Day has become the predominant method used by mass media in American politics for predicting outcomes of elections according to George Bishop and Bonnie Fisher of Public Opinion Quarterly (Page 568). In most recent elections exit polling has grown into an even more complex mass survey medium with institutions such as Voter Research and Surveys (VRS) of New York who provide polling results for massive television networks like ABC, CBS, and CNN. In addition to TV networks, many television affiliates, newspapers, and newsmagazines also use this polled data to inform the public. Since exit polls predict the winners of elections, vast numbers of citizens don't even bother to vote because they already know who's going to win and that their vote wouldn't make a difference (Pages 568-589). Another reason that causes low voter turnout is news media coverage that broadcast negative campaign tactics politicians and their parties use to attack to opposing candidate or party. According to Laurence I. Barrett of Time magazine, presidential candidates are sliding on their word of not using negative campaign tactics; in fact, negative advertising is becoming trendier among those running for election (Page 28). Negative campaigning in the news media is perceived by most as boxing ring where candidates can put on gloves and knock each others ideas or beliefs down. The most affecting aspect of negative campaign to the public is that candidates and parties only point out the opposing side's flaws to uplift themselves and avoiding the issue at hand which often occurs in debates. Since negative campaigning causes a great deal of arguing between candidate and/or parties, a great percentage of the public tends to separate themselves from the political process (voting) because of the e xcessive attacks candidates inflict on one another. The public expects a degree of professionalism from running candidates that shouldn't include negative tactics that only discourage the public's outlook on voting participation. Lastly, public perception of a bias and favorable media also contributes to a reduction in the voting population. As early as the 1960's, public perception of a bias media was first noticed; however, current data suggest the American public views the media as increasingly less trustworthy? as stated by Donna Rouner, a journalist for Newspaper Research Journal (Page 41). Partisanship of news factions also discourages people from participating in the political process because news groups may be supportive of one party and their beliefs giving only one side of an issue. More of the American population may be better influenced to vote if news groups would take a neutral position supporting only the facts and produce a non-bias broadcast. In addition to partisanship, the idea of media being bought by candidates or parties to influence the public can also diminish voter turnout. For example, a wealthy candidate can purchase large amounts of airtime trying to earn more of the public's votes or simply a news affiliate that favors a

Rediscovery and Regression Dreams and the Self in The Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud essays

Rediscovery and Regression Dreams and the Self in The Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud essays The development of human society in the 19th and 20th centuries is characterized by the emergence of individualism, where people are giving focus more on the "self' rather than the society. This prevalent trend is reiterated by ideologies and philosophies that have been influential in the field of natural and social sciences. The concept of the "Self" is influenced by the individualist society prevalent in Western societies. Indeed, individualism through introspection is evident in the main themes discussed among discourses and literary works of this period. Sigmund Freud was an Austrian physician and founder of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a branch of psychology where unlearned biological instincts and experiences influence the way people think, feel, and behave. He developed 20th century philosophy and thought, influencing people with his works on the theme of individualism through introspection, mainly through the method of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis emerged as one the new methods where analysis of psychological illnesses (mental and emotional) is diagnosed through a study and investigation of the patient's childhood. Primarily, Freud looks at the early relationship of the patient with his/her parents; this is because Freud believed that an individual's early environment shapes and influences the personality of the individual as s/he grows up. Hence, psychoanalysis is an approach where there is emphasis on the unconscious part of the mind, conflict between biological instincts and society's demands, early family experiences. One of his discourses is The Interpretation of Dreams. In this work, Freud explores his 3-year analysis of the Self, conducted through psychoanalysis. Furthermore, he illustrates how the Self is discovered through dreams, where, as Freud, describes, "we suddenly emerge upon a piece of high ground, where the path divides and t...

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 34

Assignment - Essay Example verage of mean score given by peers to students from private schools is higher than that of students from public schools as far as values are concerned. However, further comments can only be made after application of advanced statistical tools like hypothesis testing which may help to reveal if there is any significant statistical difference between the average score from two populations (public and private schools). According to Jain and Sandhu, skewness is the measure of asymmetry in the distribution of population and tells if the mean, mode and median are equal and quartiles are at equal distance from median (3.2). The distribution pattern of the data as seen from the histogram revealed that scores given by peers to both the public schools and private schools are moderately positively skewed having skewness of 0.934 and 0.754 respectively. This suggests that the data is not evenly distributed on both sides of the mean for both public and private schools. The positive skewness conf irmed that majority of the students both from public and private schools were given mean score by peers less than or on the average score and very few were given scores higher than the average. Looking at the distribution pattern between the two histograms, we see that number of students that scored higher than average score is greater for private schools than the public schools. The box plot for the mean score given by peers revealed that there were four outliers for public schools and three outliers from private schools towards the upper side of box plot. This suggested that nearly equal number of students from public and private were given outstanding score by peers (closer to 5). According to Cook and Upton, median divide the order population data into two groups whereas quartiles divide the population into four groups with first quartile (lowest 25%), second quartile (lowest 50%) and third quartile indicating lowest 75% of the population group (53). In this section, statistical

Read Marianne Jenning's articalwhy an international environment code Essay

Read Marianne Jenning's articalwhy an international environment code of ethics would be good - Essay Example Despite criticism, international code of business ethics has various merits. Arguably, different countries hold varied cultural values in terms of language, social custom, and non-verbal communication (Smeltzer and Jennings 58). It is a non-contested fact that long-term survival and operation of any business relies on how well a business conforms to host country traditions. The inability to hook business objectives with surrounding ethical needs create an ethical vacuum leading to conflict of interest. Additionally, businesses root in trust and ethical commitment, which has a direct bearing on the economic life. In many cases, such businesses end up law suits and court battles in the name of implementing accepted social standards and responsibilities. In this light, cultural imperialism, highlights an existing business dilemma that calls for limitation and control through the international code of ethics. Similarly, a business system is a cycle of operations focusing on the limited resources to create a stable economic system. It is an inter-dependency of system based connections, society, demand, quality, and most importantly price. Non-regulation as noted by Kosolov, Martin and Peterson cited in Smeltzer, Larry and Jennings (1998) is non-existent. Every business has the sole responsibility of regulating behaviors and working within existing economic tenets; however, this has remained a problems as evidenced in the Security Exchange Act of 1934 (Smeltzer and Jennings 59). In the act, maintaining a crucial economic flow involves holding certain ethical factors constant. From this perspective, international code of ethics prove worthwhile in bringing order and equitable trading environment in the raven business risk taking atmosphere. The political, social, and economic structures of different countries roots for varied business treatment. The hypocrisy mixed to surging inflation and high cost of

Disc 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Disc 1 - Essay Example The human and resources department in many companies fill the gap of motivating the employees by ensuring that they retain the talent in the company (Kokemuller, 2009). Companies like coca-cola have for a long time rewarded and created an environment for its employees to grow and be innovative in their respective roles. The company offers further training to talented staff at Coca-Cola University (Coca-Cola Company, 2011). The incentives are fostered by the human and resources department that identifies talented employees and avails the incentives to develop for them. The Human and resource department plays significant roles that are crucial to helping the company achieve its goals and objectives. The department plays the central role of rewarding the hard working employees by pay rises and promotions (Kokemuller, 2013). Kokemuller, N. (2013, July 22). Functions That the HR Attempts to Fulfill in Any Organization. Retrieved may 21, 2014, from Chron: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/functions-hr-attempts-fulfill-organization-49597.html Richard, L. (2013, June 01). Top Three Recommendations for Implementing an HR Strategy in an Organization. Retrieved June 22, 2014, from Chron:

Behavior and Individual Success

Behavior and Individual Success Title of Assignment: â€Å"How Behavior Impacts Individual Success† Everyone seeks to be successful, but not everyone accomplishes this goal. There are those of us who understand that success stems from our individual behavior and there are those that refuse to understand this concept. Behavior drastically affects ones individual success and there are several factors to point out when speaking of this. Successful individuals know that the foundation of personal and professional success lies in understanding yourself, understanding others, and realizing the impact of personal behavior on others. The first thing to understand when speaking of behavior and individual success is that how you behave stems from your childhood or how you were raised. It comes from understanding where you are from and then transforming that into where you want to go. For some of us, this is easy, because we come from very successful families and have been taught nothing but success, since we can remember. For others, this can be extremely difficult, because you come from a very unsuccessful family and lived in an unsuccessful community. Therefore, you have to train your mind to think differently then how you were raised. Never the less, regardless of where you came from, there are far too many successful individuals that have conquered all types of backgrounds. Everyone has a different definition of success, but the key to being successful is understanding what you define as success. For some of us, success is being a stay-at-home housewife, successfully raising your children. For others, success may be teaching or counseling. To others, success may be defined by the amount of education you achieved. You may feel that you have to get your doctorate degree, because everyone else in your family has done the same. No one can determine what success is to you, but you. There are far too many of us living unhappy lives, because we are successfully doing something to make someone else happy, which means that you are unsuccessful to yourself. â€Å"We talk frequently about the critical few behaviors that individuals need to change, but we should talk even more about our belief in the rights of those individuals to be free from others defining the keys to their success for them† (Lattal, 2003). One of my favorite sayings that my grandmother taught me is to â€Å"watch the company you keep.† Individual success can be greatly affected by the people we associate ourselves with. If you are hanging around negative people, you will be seen to be negative. It is very important to pay close attention to the company you keep. When it comes to being successful, you should want to associate yourself with successful people. This all stems from what you define as success and most of us define success as making above and beyond what is needed to care for our loved ones. Goldsmith claims that groups are a characteristic of all social situations and almost everyone in an organization will be a member of one or more groups (2003). Once you land a job with any company, it is very important to pay attention to informal groups. As mentioned by Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly Konopaske (2009), informal groups are formed as a consequence of employees actions and develop around common interests and friendships. These types of groups can be dangerous when trying to obtain success. Because the people within these groups are normally friends, its sometimes challenging to see how one person within the group is negatively affecting the group overall (p. 10). At my current job, Ive seen several people that were qualified for a promotion, but did not receive it due to the informal group they were a part of. The main point of this is to understand that there is always a leader watching what everyone is doing, and these leaders are the ones that make the decisions for promotions. When it comes to individual success, we sometimes have to monitor these type of behaviors. In most cases, we all want to have the highest role within our current position, which normally leads to management, but managers have to understand formal and informal groups to obtain and retain their position. This is where mentoring comes in to play with becoming successful. No matter what your definition of success is, there is someone that has already become very successful at that skill. Those that have challenges at becoming successful seek to find a good mentor that can help guide them into learning the skills needed for success. Even those that are already successful sometimes seek to have a mentor, because one can always become more successful. â€Å"In work organizations, a mentor can provide coaching, friendship, sponsorship, and role modeling to a younger, less experienced protà ©gà ©. In working with younger or new employees, a mentor can satisfy his or her need to have an influence on another employees career† (Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly Konopaske, 2009, p. 45). Using myself as an example, my career tremendously grew once I was advised by a mentor. There were things about myself that I didnt even realize could affect my career, the main thing being that of the involvement within informal groups. After being mentored, Ive mentored several new and younger employees, helping to prevent them from making the same types of mistakes. As with any other relationship, one has to be careful when mentoring, but it can provide a sense of being a part of the community; because youre helping someone else to be as successful, if not more successful than you. There are those that have mastered obtaining a specific behavior to become successful, but that behavior is not a part of them. This can be easily related to people in the sales industry. There are several people within my family that are extremely successful at selling, but that does not define who they are. They have learned how to portray a certain behavior to reach the goals they want. When they leave work, they are back to their normal selves, but how they behave at work defines their definition of success. If behaving a certain way brings in the funds, then this is how they will continue to behave. This can assist several of us in becoming successful, but trying to behave in a manner that is not yourself, can be very difficult for most. â€Å"The more we believe that our behavior is a result of our own choices and commitments, the less likely we are to want to change our behavior. One of the best-researched principles in psychology is called cognitive dissonance† (Goldsmith, 2003). This simply means that the more we genuinely believe that something is true, the less likely we will be willing to change that belief. My family members believe that behaving a specific way to obtain sales has made them successful, so they cant see behaving any other way. Goldsmith mentioned that their commitment encourages them to â€Å"stay the course† and to not â€Å"give up† when â€Å"the going gets tough†. This same principle can work against successful people when they should â€Å"change course† (2003). There are several things to pay attention to when trying to become successful. We are normally our own worst enemy, because we overlook the behaviors that may be negative to constantly see ourselves in a positive manner. â€Å"Some of the personal individual attributes that we need to observe and control include our achievement attitude, emotional temperament, energy level, intellectual factors, material traits, maturity level, philosophical attitudes, physical features, risks actions, and task performance† (Taylor, 2006). All of these attributes work together to define ones version of success. Even if youre a stay-at-home mother, you have to learn these attributes before you can be fully successful at that job. The last thing to focus on when speaking of how behavior can impact success is to mention job satisfaction. Job satisfaction is an attitude that individuals have about their job. It results from their perceptions of their jobs, based on factors of the work environment, such as supervisors style, policies, and procedures, work group affiliation, working conditions, and fringe benefits† (Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly Konopaske, 2009, p. 106). It is extremely difficult to be successful if you dont like the job youre doing. A great example of this would be teachers. We are all aware that most teachers are underpaid for the job they do. At the same time, they teach, because they enjoy helping people learn. Therefore, success is defined by their students growing up to be successful and not by the amount of money they make. There are several of us that work in jobs that we arent satisfied with. When one understands how behavior impacts success, they understand the importance of learning all they can within that current job. At the same time, they take the necessary steps to land a new and even better job. But by not allowing that negative situation to overcome them, they normally become even more successful in the new job. In conclusion, there are several factors that play into behavior and how it impacts success. The main thing is to define what success is to you. Once you have mastered that definition, you have to figure out the steps and attributes needed for you to become successful. We sometimes need help with this and that cant be overlooked. If a mentor will help you, take the help. There is always someone that has succeeded in what you want to do. It is important to study what they did to become successful and try to make the necessary adjustments. You cant be just like them, but you can learn how to be as successful as them. References Gibson, James L., Ivancevich, John M., Donelly, James H., Jr., Konopaske, Robert. (2009). Organizations Behavior, Structure, Processes. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Goldsmith, Marshall. (2003). Helping Successful People Get Even Better. Business Strategy Review London Business School. Lattal, Darnell, Ph.D. (2003). PMezine The Performance Management Magazine. The Science of Success: Creating Great Places to Work. Retrieved October 11, 2009, from http://www.pmezine.com/?q=node/8. Okolo, Sidney. Ezine Success Articles. Success Depends on Individual Attributes. Retrieved October 11, 2009, from http://ezinearticles.com/?Success-Depends-on-Individual-Attributesid=1062550. Taylor, Michael. (2006). Associated Content Lifestyle. How Your Personality Affects the Success in Your Life. Retrieved October 11, 2009, from http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/90301/how_your_personality_affects_the_success.html.

Home Decorating Plan :: Interior Decorating Marketing Strategies Essays

Home Decorating Plan 1.0 Executive Summary Interior Views is a retail home decorator fabrics and complementary home accessories and services concept that is now in its third year. This destination store offers the advantages of providing fabrics specifically designed for home decorator use in fabric widths of 54 inches and greater. Over 900 fabrics are available on the floor at any time with more than 3,000 sample fabrics for custom "cut" orders. Customers see, touch, feel, and take the fabric to their home as they work through their purchase decision. Market research indicates a specific and growing need in the area for the products and services Interior Views offers in the market it serves. The market strategy will be based on a cost effective approach to reach this clearly defined target market. The three-phase approach will utilize resources to create awareness of the store and encourage customers to benefit from the convenience and services it offers. Interior Views will focus on its selection, accessibility of product, design services, and competitive pricing. The marketing objective is to actively support continued growth and profitability through effective implementation of the strategy. 2.0 Situation Analysis Interior Views is a retail store heading into its third year of operation. The store has been well received, and marketing is now critical to its continued success and future profitability. The store offers the most extensive selection of in-stock decorator fabrics as well as a resource for special ordered fabrics. The basic market need is to offer a good selection of decorator fabrics at reasonable prices, for the "do-it-yourself" and the "buy-it-yourself" customers, through a personalized retail store that offers excellent service, design assistance, and inspiration for people to redecorate their homes. 2.1 Market Summary We possess good information about our market and know a great deal about the common attributes of our most prized and loyal customers. We will leverage this information to better understand who we serve, their specific needs, and how we can better communicate with them. Target Markets 2.1.1 Market Demographics The profile of the Interior Views customer consists of the following geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavior factors: Geographics  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our immediate geographic market is the Boise area, with a population of 168,300.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A 50-mile geographic area is in need of our products and services.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The total targeted area population is estimated at 568,800. Demographics  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Female.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Married.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Have children, but not necessarily at home.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Have attended college.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A combined annual income in excess of $50,000.

Cool

Identify two situations in which people would be expected to use the service described in the passage; and 6 summarize the main idea of the passage; discuss reasons why the business described in the passage seems likely to be a success. 8. Complete the exercise that follows. Writing in Chinese, use the space provided to narrate an incident or event that you experienced as a student in high school or college.In your response you may include, but are not limited to, the following information. When the incident or event took place here the incident or event took place the circumstances in which the incident or event took place 7 9. Imagine that a friend from a country associated with Chinese is considering enrolling in a postgraduate program at a college or university in the general area where you are currently living and has asked you to provide some information about the area in which you live. Write a letter in Chinese to your friend responding to this request for information.In your letter you must include, but are not limited to, the following topics: 8 a brief description of some important features of the area in which you live (for example, climate, natural features, distribution of people, mix of population, regional differences within the state, cultural amenities, educational and medical facilities, recreational and entertainment options); and an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of living and going to school in your area. 10. Read the instructions below.You will have two minutes to study these instructions. Then, when you are told to do so, begin to respond in Mandarin. You may take up to two minutes to complete your response. You will be told when the two minutes are up. You may begin studying the instructions now. You will be told when to begin peaking. (The examine will read in the test booklet:) Imagine that a friend from a country associated with Chinese has been offered a Job in a city near where you live, and asks your opinion on the p ros and cons of living and working in your area.Speaking in Mandarin, discuss the advantages and but are not limited to, the following topics: a brief description of some of the important features of the area in which you live (for recreational and entertainment options); and an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of living and working in your area. (The examine will have two minutes to study the instructions above; then two minutes to respond on audiotape. ) 9 11. Imagine that you are attending a summer institute at a university in a country associated with Chinese.You are asked to speak to a group of students about your previous college experiences. Speaking in Mandarin, describe a college or university you have attended. In your response you may include, but are not limited to, the following topics: a description of a college or university you have attended; an explanation of why you chose to attend that college or university; an analysis of what you liked and disliked a bout the college or university. Cool Ice free northwest passage for half the year, flooded cities in Asia (Bengal), raciness, severe drought affecting food production, emergence of new deserts, etc. 4. ) How are warmer temperatures affecting the migration of crops? Champagne region of France is becoming too warm for traditional champagne grapes, so they are starting to grow them in England, along with olive trees. 5. ) What is involved in the carbon footprint a common product such as a cheeseburger?All the energy consumed to make up the component parts of the cheeseburger and the greenhouse gases produced as a result= the feedstock for cattle, growing lettuce, wheat for bun, milking the cattle, processing milk for cheese, ND processing cattle for meat, trucking (transporting) the various parts, keeping the meat cold, plus methane gas produced by the cattle 6. ) So, what is the carbon footprint off cheeseburger in the US? 200 million metric tones, more than all the Subs In the united States 7. How might an Increase of DC affect the planet? Rapid changes in the biosphere, especially marine life of the oceans, dying off of coral reefs, flooding of island states, melting of Grassland's glaciers, etc. 8. ) What significant ocean system could break down that could magnify the warming effect? Carbon sink provided by tiny sea creatures that absorb carbon dioxide from which they build their shells, but warmer water changes Its coldly which dissolves their shells and prevents them from forming new ones.This loss in turn will affect the marine life food change and loss of biodiversity. When the oceans can no longer absorb Carbon dioxide it will escape into the atmosphere adding to the levels of the atmosphere. 9. ) What Is a glacial Million and why are they so dangerous In terms of speeding up straight through to the bottom of the glacier creating a hydroplane on which huge asses of ice get propelled faster into the sea where it will melt and add its mass to ocean levels. 10. ) How much would the melted Gree nland Ice field raise sea levels by? M which would flood London, Bangkok, New York Shanghai, etc. 1 1 . ) In what way is the melting of Arctic Ice such a concern and a potential â€Å"runaway train†? Lack of ice means more sunlight can be absorbed by the oceans which in means less heat is reflected back into space, creating even more heat and more melting†¦ The warmer it gets the faster it gets warmer. 12. ) How much warmer does it eve to get before we are arguably at a â€Å"tipping† point of climate change? ICC 13. ) What major changes will a ICC warming cause for the planet?Arctic is ice free all summer, Amazon rainforest's dries out, snow caps on the Alps disappear, El Onion's extreme weather becomes normal, heat waves would be the norm, temperatures in Europe would more like what is currently typical of the middle east, etc. 14. ) What was the first global warming disaster to affect a wealthy nation in 2003 and what was the impact? A heat wave across Europe t hat killed 30 000 people, over 14 000 of them in France over a period of a few weeks. On August 10th alone, 2500 to 3000 people died, mostly elderly. 15. What else happened during the 2003 headwater that was an indication of another unforeseen side affect of warming? Trees and other vegetation started to release carbon dioxide instead of being able to absorb it as photosynthesis broke down. 16. ) What ominous changes occurred in the Amazon river basin in 2005? Tributaries dried up, forest fires spread and killed large quantities of trees needed to produce rainfall, therefore making conditions drier. 17. ) What conditions are common to El Ion patterns and how might a ICC warmer limited be affected by them?Trade winds and ocean currents move east instead of west across the Pacific bringing torrential rainstorms to South America and drought to Australia and Indonesia, with ICC warming this could mean even more energy to drive hurricanes whose fuel is warm ocean water. 18. ) What would the planet be like with a ICC average global warming? Delta areas, home to a billion people will be flooded, other areas will become deserts, west Antarctic ice would melt, major losses of fresh water such as the glacial source of the holy Ganges River in India. Compared to developed countries?Developing countries like India, Indonesia, etc. Do not necessarily have the billions of dollars that would be needed to invest in hydrophilic dams like developed countries such as England has. 20. ) How many refugees might there be with warming of ICC? Ass's of millions of climate refugees. 21 . ) What would the consequences of an average global warming of ICC be? There could be mass extinctions, ocean wastelands, massive desertification on land, a global catastrophe 22. ) What is ironic about our current global warming crisis due to the burning of fossil fuels, given the Earth's past history?The last major mass extinction occurred due to global warming, whereby the earth corrected its climat e imbalance by the â€Å"killing† off of mass quantities of life that were then buried by eroded material. This corrected the abundance of CO levels in the atmosphere by â€Å"sinking† them. The irony is that we have extracted them now as our sources of fossil fuels, and are releasing that stored carbon into the atmosphere as we burn them for energy, creating a previous cycle that led to mass extinction. 23. ) What are some practical changes we must make in order to prevent warming of this scale?Reducing the use of energy that uses fossil fuels that create greenhouse gases, use energy more efficiently, such as unplugging appliances to avoid wasted â€Å"vampire† energy draws, doubling fuel efficiency of vehicles, using solar power, wind power, tidal power, geothermal energy, etc. Starting now! 24. ) How much time do scientists believe we have to avoid going over the tipping point into accelerated global warming and climate change? As little as 10 years 25. ) Mak e a commitment: what 5 things can you commit to changing in your lifestyle to reduce your ecological footprint and cut down on energy consumption? Answers will vary. Discuss.

The Fall Of The Western Roman Empire

The Fall Of The Western Roman Empire In the third century A.D., the Roman Empire began to decline. Many Germanic tribes begn to invade Rome. The Roman army lacked training so they were not prepared for the invasions. The Roman government became too strict and thus the people stopped supporting the government. One of the main reasons the empire fell, was because of the division of eastern and western Rome. Afterwards, people became selfish and lazy.The fall of the Roman empire began when the empire was divided. Due to this, the government became too strict and there were many corrupt officials. When people realized this, they stopped supporting the government and became bvery selfish. The Roman government had very large expenses because of the maintenence of the army and vast bureaucracy. The people didn't like these new taxes and how high they were so farmers left their land and moved elsewhere. That's when the middle class in Rome started to disappear.The Roman empire in the time of Hadrian (ruled 117...After this, the unemployment rate went sky high and the expense of providing gree grain to the poor drained Roman resources.Economic issues and slavery were two major reasons the empire fell. Slavery was a big reason because it led to growth of latifundia - the great estates that came to dominate agriculture and ruin the free coloni [farmers] who drifted to the cities to add to the unemployment there. The Romans also used too much slave labor, but, no one had noticed it until the division of the empire. The biggest economic issure was the heavy taxes necessary to support the government. As a resuly to this, farmers fled their land and workers fled their occupations. The Roman population plunged because of this.One cause that was not major, but, still was a cause of the fall, were the military causes. The Roman army...

Lincoln vs. Kennedy Essays - Presidency Of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln vs. Kennedy Essays - Presidency Of Abraham Lincoln Lincoln vs. Kennedy Crystal Lang ENG/220 November 02, 2015 Lincoln vs. Kennedy In many peoples opinion the most profound and famous of presidents that will be mentioned is Abraham Lincoln and John F Kennedy. Both presidents were considered heroes in their own ways because of their selfless achievements during their term. They were both loved and highly appraised by the American people. In public-opinion polls, Kennedy consistently ranks with Abraham Lincoln as the most beloved American presidents of all time. CITATION Bio15 l 1033 (Editors, 2015) Lincoln was raised in very humble beginnings but impacted the nation by taking the highest office that well educated people would have taken. Lincoln was the nation's sixteenth president and is known for the emancipation of the slaves. He issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, which stated that all individuals who were held as slaves in rebellious states "henceforward shall be free." CITATION Bio151 l 1033 (Editors, Abraham Lincoln Biography , 2015) He also revolutionized the industrial era which caused this very young but growing nation in to civil war. After five years of presidency Lincoln was shot by then famous actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilks Booth. Kennedy unlike Lincoln grew up in a wealthy family to the house of the Fitzgerald's and Kennedys. He was very mischievous as a boy and young man and never obtained good grades throughout school. Because of his adolescence he was never looked at for doing great things especially ever becoming president. It wasn't until his second year in college that he realized his learning potential and put forth the effort to go and do great things. As president, Kennedy successfully negotiated the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty with Great Britain and the Soviet Union. He also sent a civil rights bill to Congress as one of the last acts of his presidency and his life, Kennedy's bill eventually passed as the landmark Civil Rights Act in 1964 which later deemed him as one of the few presidential heroes of our time. Both presidents were elected to the presidency in the sixtieth year of their century and inaugurated in in the sixty first year. Lincoln in 1860 and Kennedy in 1960 exactly one hundred years apart. If that was not a little eerie both of these great presidents were shot on a Friday and in the back of the head in the presence of their wives. They were also elected to the House of Representatives in forty six of their century and both became very powerful and influential to the peers. Like in death both presidents during their term had accomplished great things. Lincoln had freed the slaves while winning a war which eventually brought our nation together as a whole. Kennedy had deferred a nuclear war by having a nuclear treaty signed by the great powers of that time. He did not stop the war but because of his Bills that were passed the United States fought and won a war that could have ended in the inhalation of the human population. WWII also brought several countries together in the start of an alliance that today embodies over sixty countries. Both Lincoln and Kennedy have performed remarkable acts in their lives. Both in their youths were never revered as very smart men and no one never thought that they would achieve greatness. Lincoln grew up in a class just above being poor whose parents were illiterate. Kennedy was a prankster and nearly failed school growing up. Their childhood was completely opposite, Lincoln being poor and Kennedy was from a wealthy family both became president of the United States. As president both men took very risky actions to try and better the lives of the American people. Both men ended up putting this country in war because of their beliefs, which the outcome greatly helped out this nation in the long run. No one will ever know what the outcome would have been but if these two men never became president where would we be at today. No one will ever know but this country is great to this day because of them. References BIBLIOGRAPHY Editors, B. (2015, November 02). Abraham Lincoln Biography . Retrieved from The Biography.com website : biography.com/people/abraham-lincoln-9382540 Editors, B. (2015,

The Essence of Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Essence of Writing - Assignment Example 1. The first tip of Roberts is that the writer should discard all the obvious ideas and content that comes to his mind in the initial stages of brainstorming. The obvious ideas are common to everyone and will not make any unique statement. Hence, to get fresh and revolutionary ideas that are different from others, the writer should build the paper based on those ideas that are hidden under the obvious ideas. 2. The second way to impress the reader is by taking the unusual side in the argument. By taking the side which will be avoided by most people, the content will have the touch of ‘unexpected’ element. The uniqueness will grab the attention of the reader and will keep him hooked. 3. The third tip pieces of advice to make the writing clear, illustrative and concrete, in order to make the reader actually feel the scenario which is being discussed in the paper. The abstraction does not create the magic and impact which the concrete and descriptive writing create. Hence, giving examples, real or imaginary, while making your point, gives a life to the argument and makes it convincing. 4. The author says that even if the writer has only a few points to discuss, he should not fill the paper with useless words. Instead, he should get into the details of those few points and fill the required word limit with the help of illustration and details of the points. This might make the content short, but it will have power. 5. The fifth tip is to be courageous and bold enough to express whatever one wants to express without wasting the words in beating around the bush. The writer should avoid using unnecessary words to hide his critical language or bluntness. 7. To make the content interesting, gripping and lively, the writer should use the words which makes the reader to ‘feel’ the content.However, these words, known as ‘colorful words,’ should be used according to the trend of the time 8.  The writer should be prudent while using the words which have mental associations. These words, known as coloured words, have great power to recreate the feelings that are associated with these words.

Individual project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Individual project - Research Paper Example Differences also affect the reach to social resources, decision making, and performance potential due to lack of opportunities for a particular group. Power and authority also gets the impact from diversity issues in the workplace resulting in gaps in rewards that affect the outcomes. Human resource management plays a strategic role in the success of a firm. There are a number of issues and situations that a human resource handles in day-to-day functions. Other than maintaining the ethical standards and concepts, a human resource manager is responsible to manage workplace diversity in the organization for the strategic benefit of the firm. Challenges of workplace diversity can be met by motivating workforce via gain-sharing and executive information system via planning, organizing, and managing the human resources. Dimensions of workplace diversity relate but are not limited to age, ethnicity, ancestry, gender, physical abilities/qualities, race, sexual orientation, educational background, geographic location, income, marital status, military experience, religious beliefs, parental status, and work experience (Dr. Chan, 2010). In the book, Beyond Race and Gender, R. Roosevelt Thomas defines managing diversity as "a comprehensive managerial process for developing an environment that works for all employees" (Lindenberger & Stolz-Loike, 2010). Workforce diversity impacts organizational outcomes. According to DiTomaso et al. (2007), interest in the concept of workforce diversity was a way to identify the sudden changes in social set up that impacted the organizations widely. Although these changes in society were not abrupt but the cultural and demographic diversity impacted the workplace environment greatly. The structural dealing among groups affects the results in the short and long term. The concept has been discussed much with regard to dissemination of service in the workgroups or organizations although sufficient research has

Marketing mix strategy in developing country Essay

Marketing mix strategy in developing country - Essay Example Marketing mix strategy determinants can be identified in relation to the four dimensions of price, place, promotion and product. In this section, emphasis will be laid on factors or determinants that impose considerable influences on the success potentials of Vodafone’s marketing strategies when penetrating Afghanistan. While these strategies need to be linked with the market trends and the consumer buying behaviour, there are many factors those might impose considerable effects on organisational efficiency to persuade target customers and successfully accomplish their marketing goals. It is to be noted in this regard that marketing mix strategies developed by organisation (Smith & Taylor, 2004). When deciding upon strategies related to product in Afghanistan, customer needs shall play a major role as a key determinant to its success. As the effectiveness of products offered depend on its efficiency to suffice consumer needs, which again influences on the factors associated with consumer behaviour and correspondingly, to customer satisfaction and organisational success, it becomes crucial for any company to pay due attention to the same when penetrating a foreign country. It is worth mentioning in this context that each target market deciphers a considerable difference from other market segments in terms of their product needs, which makes it more crucial for Vodafone to understand the customer demands in Afghanistan irrespective of its experiences in the home country (Avlonitis & Gounaris, 1997). Notably, as Afghanistan is currently in a developing state, major development and change have been witnessed within the consumer needs in effect of globalisation. Subsequently, the younger generation and the industrial sectors within the country have been observed as getting highly influenced by the western culture, owing to which, Vodafone can

Cultural turnaround at Club Med Essay Example for Free

Cultural turnaround at Club Med Essay Analysis Political actions against over-consumption restrictions by government (prohibition, taxes..) Economical cost reduction rise of off-trade because of sales/discounts in supermarkets rise prices of packaging economy crisis Social health and fitness customers drink more wine then before beers demand Technology innovation in beer production, new brands, flavors increase in efficiency Environmental acquisition and mergers lower pollution, green enterprise Legal restrictions in advertising age restrictions drink driving Action Political Governments are campaigning strongly against drunken driving Economical The off-trade is increasingly dominated by large supermarket chains such as Tesco or Carrefour, which often use cut-price offers on beer in order to lure people into their shops, and Heineken complained of an 11 per centrise in packaging costs. Heineken complained of an 11 per centrise in packaging costs Heineken complained of an 11 per centrise in packaging costs Social Environment America and Australia to reduce agriculture subsidies could result in a change in the industrys raw material supply base would increase the costs of raw materials Legal the 1989 Monopolies and Mergers Commission (MMC) to have a control over the mergers and the take-overs taking place in the United Kingdom FIVE FORCES Analysis Threat of entry low threat capital intensive loyal customers Threat of substitutes wine and licker, soft drinks Power of buyer loyal customers switch to substitute Power of suppliers packaging suppliers energy suppliers Competitive rivalry low product differentiation big competitive rivalry Action Threat of entry This strategy would prevent competitors from countries like Japan and the USA to come in the industry and compete with firms from the region. Threat of substitutes When the government passed regulations on drinking alcohol drinks in public many people switched from beer to wine and other drinks like coca- cola which have become substitute of beer Power of buyer the ability of customers to put the firm under pressure, which also affects the customers sensitivity to price changes.

Causes and Effects of Organisational Structure Change

Causes and Effects of Organisational Structure Change ABSTRACT This dissertation will help to understand the reasons, why organizations change and its affect on the organizational structure. To comprehend the selected topic various secondary sources from the public domain has been taken. Information from these sources has been addressed under the heading literature review. It gives an overview of the triggers of change in the first section with special reference to role of the change agent in the change process, followed by a section how the organizational structure is affected by triggers of change. Next section addresses the contribution of the structure towards change followed by employees attitude to the change process. This literature review helped to understand already established concepts on the topic. And to realize the commercial application of the management theories two companies have been selected, Atari and Oticon. One of them changed its structure because of triggers in the external environment and it was successful and still perfo rming well but the other did not change and it perished. At the end this dissertation helped to look at the ways of making the changing process a subtle experience instead of making it a knee-jerk incident as suggested by many authors in the field. AIMS AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES This dissertation is an attempt to examine the relevance of theoretical studies to real commercial situations. And it gives us an opportunity to demonstrate our understanding and application of the concepts and theories taught in the MSc programme. While undertaking this task it also tested our ability to exhibit business research skills and to make a clear presentation of findings. And finally at the end it allows us to do a critical evaluation of our future career path. METHODOLOGY As a part of MSc Management course work this dissertation is to be completed based on secondary research. And it consists of published journals, books, annual reports of the companies, corporate and other websites. Most of the published journals are available through the University of Glasgow library database belonging to different disciplines from psychology to management reviews. There are certain limitations and challenges faced during its completion like it did not allow any primary research which means restriction of work only through secondary research. But the availability of overwhelming amount of research works on the selected topic posed another challenge. It was challenging to sieve through it and extract the relevant information which would help to conclude the topic. Other challenges faced are the time limit of only four months, and word limit of maximum twelve thousand which is quite less to compress all the work from literature review, company history to analysis of ea ch part. I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection Charles Darwin Charles Darwin was the British naturalist who was renowned for his theories of evolution and natural selection (www.lucidcafe.com). As the theory of natural selection suggests that in the biological world organisms develop certain characteristics that help them to survive in the environment. That is, the strongest survive in certain environmental conditions and these characteristics are transferred from one generation to the next through genes (www.allaboutscience.org). Change is inevitable and environment is changing at a much faster rate than anticipated, influencing all levels of the society, from individual to the corporate settings making the world a vibrant place to live. From organizational perspective, change in an organization can be triggered by advancement of technology, to the quest of the management to excel in the market. And to avoid annihilation one has to transform itself and adapt to its environment. To understand each aspect of change from organizational point of view will be an enormous task with amount of literature available. So the core focus will be to understand the triggers of change, role of a change agent in the changing process. The next aspect is to know why changes within the organization affect its structure. Subsequently the nature of change, that is how organizations change and finally the aspect of employees reaction to the change. And for a better understanding of all the aspects, first it is an attempt to understand the literature available on this topic and to comprehend their application in real life situation two companies have been chosen, Oticon and Atari as the case studies. LITERATURE REVIEW 5.0 INTRODUCTION Literature review is an effort to study the research work done by various authors ranging from 1958 to 2008. The main topic of this research is to understand what makes organizations change and its consequences on the structure. It includes an introduction on various forms of triggers of change comprising of a discussion on the role of a change agent, its leadership style and power skills in the first section. The second section is about how change affects organizational structure. Next section consists of the nature of change that is, the type of change that organizations go through. And the last section deals with employees reaction to change with a discussion on Hofstedes work on culture. There has been an overwhelming amount of research work on different aspect of organizational change and it will be beyond the scope of this dissertation in terms of time and words to cover each topic. So it has been decided to get an overview on a part of organizational change as mentioned above. SECTION 5.1 TRIGGERS OF CHANGE This section would cover the reasons that might activate a change process in an organization. Some authors have classified trigger of change into groups based on their relation to the organization, while others have a more generalised view. Triggers of change have been categorized into external and internal triggers. External triggers would include change in customer needs, competition, innovative technology, new opportunities, change in social and cultural values, change in trading conditions, change in legislation and government policies (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2000a). Scarcity of essential resources also results in change and can lead to formulation of new strategies, policies, rules and regulations, innovative ways of communication, encouraging team work, developing new technology which can lead to the change of the entire structure of the organization (Chackerian and Mavima, 2000). Globalization of marketplace, enhanced technologies, fierce competition, liberalization of economies, single European currency, electronic-trading, reduction of cost in production, information and transportation through economies of scale, supply chain integration (Daft, 2006), environmental awareness towards global warming, industrial waste disposal management, use of renewable and non-renewable raw materials, health awareness towards obesity, diabetes etc making consumers move towards natural food from the synthetic ones, change in lifestyle due to increase in disposable income leading to the change in attitude towards work, leisure-time and society etc. Changing perspective towards work style from traditional to teleworking, outsourcing, advances in communication allows organization to be multinationals without leaving their own countries (Paton and McCalman, 2000a). Internal triggers would include appointment of a new senior executive, new and better ways of serving customers, infrastructure relocation, innovative product development (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2000b). Presence of influential group within the organization can trigger change (Greenwood and Hinings, 1996) or change in top hierarchy may lead to change through accepting and implementing innovation (Boeker, 1997a; Kraatz Moore, 2002). Change of managers within the hierarchy of the organization may lead to change (Boeker, 1997b), new responsibility can bring new motivation to do better and can lead to change through enhance learning, communication and introducing new technology etc (Fernandez and Pitts, 2007a). Organizations experience several types of triggers and thus implement several types of changes. It has been reported that 50% of organizations adapts changes due to crisis (Beddowes and Wille, 2007a). Organizational crisis can arise from external triggers such as competitors which can be a new firm or a rival, change in legislation, action of a stake holder by selling or buying a significant amount of shares, buy-out from an organisation etc (Eccles, 1994a). And 23% of organizations proactively change while anticipating threats and while doing so 44% percent of organizations change their organizational structure. (Beddowes and Wille, 2007b). According to a study of 100 companies, majority showed re-structuring as successful, as there are examples of companies running in losses for millions of dollars for a decade and then turning into a profit making company in two years with evidence of effective work through teams and employee empowerment. So triggers of change can be financial losses leading to drop in profits which can attract new leadership and which may lead to changes in the structure (Haveman, Russo and Meyer, 2001a), increased competition leading to loss of market share, industry in recession, appointment of new chief executive officer, proactive action (opportunities or threats foreseen), technological development and effective ways of staff utilisation (Beddowes and Wille, 2007c). According to Champy and Nohria (1996) there are three major triggers of change; technology, government and globalization. Technology especially information technology has transformed business in many different ways. For example e-banking has opened new strategies for the banks of doing their business electronically and over the net, giving better access to customers with personalised services. Another example is the use of information technology in the field of publishing of research journals. It has helped in speeding up the process of research and its publication. The government role as a trigger of change is by changing the policies which affects businesses. Deregulation, privatisation and free trade etc are opening up new ways for businesses and encouraging them to change their strategies. This type of change in government policies has been termed as regulatory punctuation which gives organizations new opportunities for expansion (Haveman, Russo and Meyer, 2001b). Another trigger of change is the observable fact of globalization. It has helped in developing new concepts of this century like outsourcing and forced companies to work in virtual environment. Change can be a powerful energizer and creative force which can be good and would lead to development of innovative ways of getting a competitive advantage as well as bad with callous demands on employees and other measures like downsizing for cost cutting etc. As mentioned earlier organizations appoint change agent to deal with external triggers which leads to internal changes in the organization. There is evidence that 16% of changes takes place due to appointment of new Chief Executive Officer (CEO) with characteristics like charismatic personality, with a clear idea of what and how changes are to be made, capable of taking a holistic view of the organization and who believes in team work (Beddowes and Wille, 2007d). Managers do play a crucial role in planning and in implementing organizational change (Fernandez and Pitts, 2007b). For effective implementation of change there are three factors that need to be considered, the attitude, motivation and mind set of the change agent designing the change (Newman, 1973a). Previous research suggests that there exists a difference in the role of a change agent in the public sector and the private sector organizations. For example, there is significant amount of work directing towards the fact that public organizations although show more resistance to change but they often change according to Peters and Hogwood (1988) cited in Fernandez and Pitts (2007c). But some authors argued that organizational change has little to do with managerial leadership. As suggested by Hannan and Freeman (1984a) organizations survive because they are strong enough for a particular environment marked by size, age and complexity of the organization. But an organization stands for collective work of individuals and groups to fulfil the objectives and goal through set of rules, which needs direction and vision which is the responsibility of the organizational leader (Burke, 2002). And in order to influence individuals to work collectively towards a common goal is a complex task in itself on the part of the organizational leader. As stated influence is the essence of leadership (Yulk, 2002: P 141). The role of a change agent becomes effective when there is adequate leadership skill or influencing power to let others follow the vision and reach the goal. There is a list of twelve traits which consist of strong drive for responsibility , focus on completing the task , vigorous and persistence in pursuit of goals, venturesomeness and originality in problem solving drive to exercise initiative in social settings, self-confidence , sense of personal identity, willingness to accept consequences of decisions and actions, readiness to absorb interpersonal stress, willingness to tolerate frustration and delays, ability to influence the behaviour of others, capacity to structure social systems to the purpose in hand according to Stogdill (1950, 1954) cited in Huczynski and Buchanan (2007c). While studying American executives, 15 indispensible leadership traits were identified, which are judgement, initiative, integrity , foresight, energy, drive, human relations skill, decisiveness, dependability, emotional stability, fairness, ambition, dedication, objectivity and co-operation according to Stewart (1963) and there are as many as 80 leadership traits, identified in various studies as cited in Huczynski and Buchanan (2007d). As leadership is all about influential skills or power skills on the part of the change agent so that the vision of the change is followed by others (followers). The power to influence others measures the extent of leadership value (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2007e). At individual level power can be seen as a motivational tool when an individual tries to control and influence events and when this is manifested in terms of observable action by others then power is seen as a behavioural aspect. Power in behavioural terms has been divided into eight categories reward, coercive, referent, legitimate, expert power (French and Raven, 1958a), informative, affiliation and group power (Benfari, et.al, 1986a). Reward power describes the ability to influence others in such a manner that followers believe the leader have the capacity to offer valuable reward or incentive in return of the obedience shown to the leaders demand. Coercive nature of power shows that the leader has the capacity to punish in the form of penalties and sanctions in return of noncompliance to the leaders demand. Referent power describes the ability of the leader to control by his/her enigmatic personality. Power is said to be of legitimate nature based on the authoritative position of the leader which is followed by the others as a compulsion. And the expert power which is described by its name that leader has expert knowledge and experience to make other people follow the instructions as it is regarded as of superior nature (French and Raven, 1958b). Informative power is similar to expert power and describes the leader to have undisclosed information crucial to the organization which makes the leader superior and thus followed by others. Affiliation power shows the leader to have strong relations with influential figures in the organization and society and thus followed on this basis. And the last category is the group power which is associated with the leaders ability to lead a team or group with sharing of power and responsibilities. All the eight categories are perceived either as positive (P+), beneficial or negative (P-) as exploitation or mixed response (P+ and P-) by the receiving party according to its characteristics. For example reward and referent power are received as P+. Coercion and information form of power as P-(Benfari, et.al, 1986b). But all are situational that is they have different influential power when used under different situation and the most effective leadership style that has emerged with time is the g roup power with sharing of power between the leader and others, as it can give the feeling of responsibility to take decision which can be rewarding (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2007f). Summary So in brief triggers are mainly external that pressurises organizations to undertake internal changes. And it is a crucial responsibility of the change leader to assess the external situation and act accordingly so that the internal changes are done in a subtle way. When an organization becomes successful in making the relevant changes and performs well, it will pose a threat to other organizations and thus trigger another set of changes taking the course of a chain reaction. But why does an organization has to change its structure? This can be understood in the next section of the literature review. Section 3. 2 Affect of change on the organizational structure As mentioned earlier 44% percent of organizations change their organizational structure (Beddowes and Wille, 2007e) while adopting internal changes. The structure of an organization can be defined simply as the sum total of the ways in which it divides its labour into distinct tasks and then achieves coordination among them.(Mintzberg, 1979a: 2) According to Newman (1973b: xiii) Organization is a system for enabling people to reach or attempt to reach certain objectives and it involves the use of resources to carry out activities towards those objectives. The basic features of an organization involve presence of objective(s), people and the environment in which it operates. Objective(s) would be the reason behind its existence, people working in an organization communicate, coordinate with occasional conflicts carry out activities in an organised way which is in par with the objective(s) of the overall organization. And these objective(s) are the opportunities and constraints provided by the environment, within which an organization exists. In order to survive, an organization must be able to understand the environment i.e. its complex surroundings and establish a relation with the trading market, products and services, suppliers, finances, customer preferences, competitors, employees, government policies, social settings, c ulture etc which would eventually help it to formulate the objective(s). Organization tends to establish relationship between people, units, roles etc with a degree of consistency embracing all the relationships which is the basic source of structure for an organization. The three basic features of organization that demands the need of a structure are first is the organizations desired activity in order to fulfil its objective(s) through effective use of available resources, second, the way of carrying out its activities i.e. the process and the third is the behaviour of the people working for the organization while carrying out the first two features. The function of a structure is to give stability, consistency, by holding things together giving it a form and reducing randomness while outlining its operations. The design of the structure must facilitate the fulfilment of the organizational objective(s). The conventional forms of organization design were the functional form, the e xecutive or administrative form and line or staff form. The functional form of the structure reflects the kind of function performed by the people. As required, new positions are developed along with new divisions or departments. But as complexity of work increases and it requires more coordination among divisions this structure becomes inadequate otherwise this form works well for independent work in each divisions. TOP MANAGEMENT DIVISION A DIVISION B DIVISION C DIVISION D Source: The Functional Form (Newman, 1972c:81) The administrative form separates the organizations actual work and the internal management of the organization. As it is difficult to separate the executive side of the organization which is more result orientated and the administrative side of the organization which controls the resources . Communication plays an important role in coordinating between the two; otherwise it can give rise to conflicts. The line or staff form shows relationship between the operation and the people within the organization that is, work demand and it is an extension of the executive form. One problem faced in this form is the control of managers over the subordinates and another is the orientation of the structure to the kind of work the organization is engaged with. For example line structure can be marketing orientated, sales orientated and so on. But as demand from the environment increases there is a need for multi-functional structure. The inadequacies of the conventional forms led to the formation of the new structure called the matrix form. TOP MANAGEMENT FACILITIES STRUCTURE OUTPUT STRUCTURE Source: Matrix Form (Newman, 1972d:85) Matrix structure is task based or project based that is, based on work demand. It is flexible as it changes according to the project or task at hand. And this type became popular among organizations dealing with large projects like civil engineering, research and development organizations etc. This structure deals with two basic objectives, first is the output of the organization and second is the ability to produce the output. Both are interconnected and interdependent on each other with the top management being responsible for its control and ensuring efficient utilization of resources. As it is project specific, unutilised resources needs to be reallocated or used for training etc. According to Mintzberg (1979b) there are five basic elements of a structure, mutual adjustment, direct supervision, standardization of work process, work outputs and worker skills and these hold the organization together. Mutual adjustment is achieved through informal communication while coordinating work. Direct supervision is the process of scrutinizing and instructing others work by an individual which again ensures mutual adjustment. Standardization of work process, output and worker skills can be achieved when they are precisely specified. In complex organizational environment these five factors work in a loop. Standardization Work Process Of Output Mutual Adjustment Mutual Adjustment Direct Supervision Worker Skills Source: The coordination mechanism among the five basic elements of a structure. (Mintzberg, 1979c: P 7) Organizational change reflects re-organization in the structure of the organization which includes the patterns of roles, policies and procedures which affects the relationship between them and thus affects the structure. The change can be due to new customer preferences, new work requirements, new strategies etc. In order to have an effective process of change, reviewing of the consequences of change is necessary and making relevant adjustments to the structure and policies from the results. The second factor is the change itself and for effective change it is necessary to have adequate information from the past and present as change begins with the analysis of these situations. As change means weakening of old or existing relationships and strengthening new ones and a critical situation is reached when old ties are weakened and new ties are not strong enough. Problems are faced when relationships between various factors in an organisation which were compatible in the old situation becomes incompatible in the new situation. So it is important to develop all the factors in such a way that will reinforce rather than inhibiting peoples work. For an organization to be effective, its structure, policies etc should enhance peoples output and attitude towards change. The third factor is the development of the relationship between the people and the new settings. This can be done by effective communication, consultation, discussion, participation among the employees and involving people in the change process (Newman, 1973e). According to Greiner (1972) as cited in Meredith and Mantel (2003) an organization tends to develop a structure whilst growing and adding resources and establishing relationship between them and at the core is the specialization factor of the human element of the organization. The structure remains stable till it facilitates the completion of the task but if there is change in the nature of the task due to any of the above mentioned triggers of change, and the present structure hinders the completion of the new task, it will indicate a need for change and which affects the structure of the organization. According to Chandler (1962a) organizational structure reflects the health of an organization. Structure is defined as the design of the organization through which the enterprise is administered (p: 14). The design has two aspects, first is the line of control and communication between various units and people working in them and second aspect is the flow of information within these lines. And these two aspects are essential to fulfil the organizational goal. Structure follows the strategy of the organization, for example when an organization decides to expand and increase the number of offices; it requires more administrative infrastructure and people to handle it and thus changes the structure. Again if an organization has overseas expansion plans it will have departments and headquarters to administer its individual units. Diversification to new type of function or vertical integration will attract a multi-departmental structure with a central main office. Diversification into new product line will be supported by multi-divisional structure with a general office to control the divisions. This multidivisional structure would attract decentralisation of authority from the centralised control in departmental structure. The coordination and control of business units takes place through centralisation and decentralisation form of decision making. Centralization means power to control and coordinate resides in one person while decentralisation means division of power into many individuals. Research shows cognitive limitation in centralized decision making as it involves only one person and organizations face many complex situations. And a rational way of making decisions in such situations is through decentralisation. Other benefits of decentralisation are that it allows better understanding of the environment and it facilitates innovation and creativity as it involves many brains (Mintzberg, 1979d). According to Drucker (1988) as soon as a company changes its strategy from paper work to electronic mode it starts affecting the decision process, management structure, over all way of working style of the organization eventually affecting the organizational structure. And this includes change from command and control mode of working in departments and divisions into information based organization of knowledge specialists. According to Burns and Stalker (1961) as cited in Mintzberg (1979e), that if the environment is volatile the organizations have to have a flexible and an organic structure in order to adapt itself to changing environment but if the environment is stable organizations can have bureaucratic structures performing routine and standardised tasks. Organizations have adopted flat, flexible structure which emphasizes on empowerment and team work culture in order to cope up with the changing nature of the environment. Successful organizations show involvement of employees in decision making and also as a part of the change the organization needs (Piderit, 2000a). As stated by Burns and Stalker (1961) cited in Meadows (1980a) organic structure has the following characteristics, team work to complete a common task, no fixed rules or methods to accomplish the task, periodic re-examine of the task so that it can be readjusted according to demands of the surroundings through communication, consultative nature of communication instead of autocratic nature, closely knitted network of communication, devotion towards the organization and the task and appreciation for intellectual and technological soundness. Summary Organizational structure is the reflection of its internal relationship between all its resources (people and work) which are constantly influenced by the external factors. And thus when an organization makes internal changes in order to cope up with the external triggers eventually changes its structure. Organizations need to have a flexible structure (organic) so that it can adapt to the environment which is volatile in nature due to external triggers. And as suggested growth without structural adjustment can lead to economic failure (Chandler, 1962b; p: 16). The next question that arises is that does the structure of the organization affects or facilitates changes within an organization? This can be understood in the next section of the literature review. Section 3.3 Nature of change While organizations adapt to environment, structure plays an important role, if the inherent nature of the structure is flexible then changes are easily done otherwise it poses a threat to both the process and content of change. Organizational change is the difference in organizational features measured over a period of time. Organizational features can range from functions performed by individuals or organizational subunits or relationship among other organizations and the environment (Van de Ven, 2004a). Organizational theories are either focused on the content of change or process of change. Barnett and Carroll (1995a) have suggested a distinction between process and content aspect of the changing organizations. Content refers to the element of the organization that changes and process refers to the actual course of action or procedure that is adopted to make those changes. The outcomes of both content and process changes have different effects on the organization although there is a clear interaction between them. Types of changes due to various triggers can be at various levels. For example, at organisational level, change may occur in the culture and structure of the organization with new work practices, emphasising on training and team work, introducing new reward systems and innovative ways of communication etc. Another prominent type of changing is through cost cutting measures like staff reduction or downsizing. Market led issues may lead to customer orientated focus with new products with better quality, adapting innovative technology (Beddowes and Wille, 2007f). A similar list suggested by Van De Ven (2004b) consists of structural change featuring decentralization or centralization; functional change in strategies to bring new and better products and services; compositional change featuring downsizing and recruitment, resource allocation; change in relationship between organization units through effective communication, exchange of resources across units; change in boundary through bus iness expansion or contraction using mergers, acquisition, joint ventures etc; environmental changes due to resource scarcity etc, and lastly change in performance showing profitability, job satisfaction etc. These comprises of the content aspect of the organization change.